The topic of “trilogical DENOTATIONs” (al-dalalat al-thalath) appears in Avicenna logic system following the development of the discourse on “terms subject” (al-mabahith al-alfad) in his system. It was Avicenna, who, for the first time, paid more attention to this subject and was responsible for its extended discussion. Among the issues to which he addresses is the one on trilogical DENOTATIONs (implicit, IMPLIED, and metaphorical). Implicit DENOTATION, to which the logicians were more concerned, in that it denotes some meaning different from its original referent, was similar to some kinds of metaphorical DENOTATIONs, and this similarity leads to some misconceptions in differentiating between the two DENOTATIONs, metaphorical and IMPLIED. In this research we have shown that metaphorical DENOTATION differs from implicit and IMPLIED ones in three respects: first, in implicit and IMPLIED DENOTATION, the DENOTATION is the result of coining words, but in metaphorical one, it is through some evidence. Second, in differentiating between real and metaphorical meaning we do not need “evident mutual implication in its restricted meaning” (bayyen bi al- ma’na al-akhas). Third, there are not any mutual implications between metaphorical meaning and real meaning, but both implicit and IMPLIED meanings imply the real meaning.

IMPLIED author and IMPLIED reader are components of a narrative structure, playing a crucial role in illuminating hidden elements within a text. Therefore, studying these elements in literary works can expose the underlying layers of narration and open up new critical outlooks to the readers. Furthermore and in cases of cinematic adaptations, it explains whether this was the novel or the film that has managed to unravel narrative complexities of the other medium more successfully and better facilitate audience understanding. The novel GavKhuni and its film adaptation are among works in which the plot is not causal, but internal and fluid. Thus, the reader has to decode textual evidence in order to understand how conceptions and viewpoints are formed in characters. Afkhami’ s adaptation of GavKhuni is totally loyal and all elements of the story are faithfully mirrored in the film. However, Afkhami has made use of these elements to present his own ideological concepts. Repetition is a method that both the author and the director have used to transfer their ideas to the audience. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology and a narratological and inter-disciplinary approach, the present research attempts to analyze the ways in which IMPLIED author and reader are represented in the novel and the film. Since the author and the reader of each era are thrown into their work and new meanings are discovered in fulfillment of their expectations, thus the audience of this novel and film would discover new meanings from out of the narrative text of GavKhuni as well as its adaptation.

Considering the social conditions of Hafiz’s time, this mighty Iranian poet got benefited from artistic tactics to convey his critical views implicitly to avoid negative consequences of his disagreeable viewpoints.  One of his personal ways in the field of rhetoric was using eloquence arts. In this domain, he derived the benefit from covert simile, metaphor, irony of widening type, irony of description, symbolism and an unknown kind of artistic innovation. And in two aspects of rhetoric, i.e., semantics and innovation, he applied more skillful ways. This article, through focusing on his sonnets (particularly his critical ones), is aiming at analyzing his creative techniques barely in rhetoric. To do this, we analyzed his implicit rhetoric within primary display of covert prospect of Hafiz in rhetoric field through exemplification and in every aspect, we concluded that Hafiz benefited from eloquence best.

Abu Taqub Yusuf Sakaki has been praised or criticized for mixing logic and literature; because he chaptered the third part of his Miftah al-Uloom book, which is dedicated to rhetoric, with logical tools; and in this part, he set up his special science of expression based on a special logical heritage of DENOTATION. This essay will show that this heritage was transferred to Sakaki through Fakhreddin Tabari, known as Razi. In this way, verbal signification is divided into contractual and intellectual, and this is where the special science of Sakaki expression, which is based on intellectual verbal signification, emerges. It is after these two scholars that in logical and other writings, an apparently unprecedented division enters the Isagoji of logic, and that division is the division of meaning into contractual, physical, and intellectual. This research does not leave behind the general method of Islamic logic and the scope of its research is logical writings.

In this article, we criticized Aidan Chambers' theory of the IMPLIED reader in children's and young adult literature. Chambers proposes techniques for identifying the IMPLIED reader in such literature. While the theory offers useful concepts, it contains flaws and gaps, which we explain under several headings: generalizations and ambiguity in definitions, overlap of categories, inconsistency in examples, and weak theoretical foundations. The proper application of this theory in practice requires revisions, supplements, and corrections, which we have addressed in this study. We further provide suggestions for improving the theory. Given that Chambers' theory aims to uncover the IMPLIED reader, we also explored techniques that enable us to identify this reader. In the fields of linguistic analysis of the novel and narratology, we found effective methods and concepts, and we designed an approach based on text structure analysis and narrative discourse, which helps infer the IMPLIED reader. This method includes the concepts of sème, focalization, voice, and distance, offering a more precise understanding of the IMPLIED reader. 1. Introduction Considering a specific audience in children's and young adult literature is a necessity for writers in this field, far beyond what is required for adult literature authors. Thus, reader-response criticism is especially important in the realm of children's and young adult literature. Various theories have been proposed with this approach, emphasizing the reader's active engagement with the text and highlighting the reader's role in shaping meaning. In other words, the reader collaborates with the author in creating meaning. One reader-response theory is Aidan Chambers’ theory of the "IMPLIED reader," which introduces a reader within children's literature who is present in the text and plays a role in its construction. Chambers also lists techniques for illustrating this reader, including style, point of view, advocacy, and narrative gaps. This theory helps critics understand for whom the story is written. 2. Discussion While Chambers' theory offers useful concepts, it has some flaws and gaps, which we have explained under several headings: vagueness in definitions, category overlap, inconsistency in examples, and weak theoretical foundations. In light of these criticisms, we attempted to introduce alternative methods to address the shortcomings of the theory. Upon closer inspection, among Chambers' four elements (style, point of view, advocacy, and narrative gaps), only style, point of view, and narrative gaps are tools for illustrating the IMPLIED reader, while advocacy pertains more to the relationship between the author and the IMPLIED reader rather than being a tool for deducing it. Given that Chambers himself uses the term "style" in his theory, we initially turned to stylistics. After reflecting on and studying concepts related to stylistics and drawing from other fields such as linguistics and narratology, we found that employing stylistics to identify the IMPLIED reader is fraught with ambiguities, and there are much better tools for this purpose. Particularly, in stylistics, the interpretation of any subject depends on its frequency and recurrence. Thus, many significant points in identifying the IMPLIED reader would be overlooked simply because they are not frequent. Identifying the IMPLIED reader is, in fact, an effort to understand the rhetorical aspect of the text, meaning that by analyzing the surface structure of the text and recognizing the transformations in relation to its deep structure, we aim to understand the characteristics of the reader for whom this text/narrative was created. Therefore, we had to turn to techniques that allow us this rhetorical understanding. In linguistics, many of the topics Chambers aims to analyze under the term "style" are already discussed, such as the author's use of imagery, conscious and unconscious references, hypotheses about the reader's perception, and attitudes toward beliefs, customs, and characters in the narrative. Since the novel is a linguistic-narrative structure, we utilized the linguistics of the novel and narratology to better explain Chambers’ concepts. Roger Fowler's linguistics and the novel was one of the sources we relied on in this endeavor. Fowler introduces a method through which we can analyze the novel as a large narrative structure using linguistic tools. In our proposed analysis method, instead of the stylistics-related techniques like point of view and narrative gaps, which were not very precise, we used the techniques of the linguistics of the novel and narratology to derive a more accurate and well-founded understanding of the IMPLIED reader based on textual evidence. In analyzing the element of the text, we used the concept of "semantic units," through which we can clarify the relationship between the narrator, characters, and IMPLIED reader within the novel, and thus infer the author’s perspective toward the IMPLIED reader. In the discussion of discourse, we also utilized narratology, employing techniques like focalization, voice, and distance to identify the IMPLIED reader. In analyzng the novel, focalization helps us understand how different viewpoints can influence our interpretation and understanding of events and characters. This concept clearly shows that not only “who says” but also “from whose perspective it is said” is equally important in shaping meaning. Through focalization, we can illustrate the IMPLIED reader with whom the text intends to communicate. We also discussed the concept of voice. This concept relates to the analysis of how the speech and thought of characters are represented, showing how the author can reflect different viewpoints and ideologies in the story through various voices. The voices of the narrator and characters play a significant role in directly and indirectly expressing the author's attitude toward the IMPLIED reader. Distance is another discourse-related technique that refers to the relationship between the narrator and the events of the story. This distance can be temporal, spatial, emotional, or epistemic, determining the degree of closeness or detachment of the narrator from the story. In novel analysis, the concept of distance helps us understand how the narrator might create a specific effect on the reader through this distance or closeness, and infer what kind of reader is being targeted. 3. Conclusion While Aidan Chambers' theory of the IMPLIED reader provides valuable insights for researchers and writers of children's and young adult literature, it is not without its shortcomings. In this article, we critically examined Chambers' approach, highlighting its theoretical ambiguities and issues. One of the weaknesses of Chambers’ theory is its vagueness and generality. Chambers presents four techniques for identifying the IMPLIED reader, but the explanations for each are unclear, failing to provide precise tools or categories for analysis. Additionally, there is overlap between the concepts of Chambers’ techniques. For instance, style and narrative gaps cover similar aspects, such as the author's conscious and unconscious references. This overlap creates ambiguity, making it difficult for analysts to differentiate between the techniques. Other weaknesses of this theory include inconsistencies in the examples used and weak theoretical foundations. For example, Chambers proposes assumptions about the difficulty of topics and language for children without providing a clear definition or solid theoretical basis. In the next step, we sought to address these flaws by drawing on the linguistics of the novel and narratology to offer a solution for identifying the IMPLIED reader. Initially, we used Fowler’s theory regarding the analysis of text structure. Based on this, we found a way to identify the IMPLIED reader through analyzing the three elements of text, discourse, and content in the novel. By relying on complementary theories in narratology and linguistics, we planned a more substantial and precise analysis. Thus, in our proposed analysis method, instead of using the imprecise stylistics-related techniques like point of view and narrative gaps, we employed the techniques of novel linguistics and narratology and designed a method based on the analysis of the text structure and narrative discourse, allowing us to identify the IMPLIED reader. This method includes the concepts of semantic units, focalization, voice, and distance, which provide a more accurate understanding of the IMPLIED reader.

The need to achieve optimal portfolio optimization criteria, which, in addition to the accuracy of investment decisions quickly, goes beyond academic needs, as investors, investment companies and investment managers need to reduce their investment losses, increase Risk-adjusted returns have always been discussed. However, it is very difficult to achieve a portfolio optimization method that fills the gap between applied requirements and theoretical models. Considering that one of the most important factors in achieving optimal returns is diversification. This research, with the theme of "Formation of optimal investment portfolio in Tehran Stock Exchange using hierarchical and K-means clustering methods", attempts to present a suitable method for portfolio optimization using market data and clustering. The result of this comparison will clarify the success rate of cluster optimization compared to the index portfolio.

Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) has always recommended the pious to be faithful to the Islamic ethics and behave fairly toward all people. Quranic verses and hadiths of Ahl-ol-Bayt all emphasize on the fact that even in the face of heretical people and movements, justice and morality should not be violated and moreover religion should never be defended employing deceitful and rebuking ways. But in the recent era, a theory has emerged that validates attributing lies to some of the religious opponents (heretics) by means of defaming them in order to prevent people from been deceived by them. This theory‘s main argument is a narration known as “Mobahata” (calumniation) along with other acclaimed evidences.The present study with critical –analytical reconsideration of the aforementioned narration as well as other reasons did not find the provided documentations sufficient to prove the theory and authoritative enough for specifying the general rules mentioned in religious sources against such conduct. Consequently the author believes that Islamic doctrine never justifies these kinds of behaviors.

Ahmadreza Ahmadi is a famous name in the world of children literature in Iran. Yet his special style raises doubts about the capacity of his works to establish an appropriate relation with his audience, i.e. children. In this paper, we study some of Ahmadi’s stories in relation to the question of audience. Accordingly, we will draw on Chambers’ “The Reader in the Book” (1977) in this paper. In this approach, Chambers studies the IMPLIED reader that the story itself is looking for. To know the IMPLIED reader and his/her characteristics, he suggests studying four factors in the text: style, point of view, manipulation of expectations, and “telltale gaps.” These factors play an important role in children’s books and help the author communicate with the reader. In this paper, we have chosen two of Ahmadi’s recent works, namely, Parvaneh rooye balesh-e man be khab rafteh bood1and Dokhtarak, mahi, tanhayi2 published in 2011 for our studied of the IMPLIED reader. The results show that Ahmadi has a different point of view about children and the concept of childhood. He believes in children’s intelligence, power of critical thinking, perspective, and high imagination and he gives them the opportunity to participate in different parts of the story. Thus, the IMPLIED readers in his books are thoughtful and capable children with pure imagination and innovative souls who are able to enjoy the beauties of the story and discover the hidden concepts in it. Also the depth and complexity of Ahmadi’s books provoke the adults and the young adults to read and enjoy his works equally.